Supply risk evolution of raw materials for batteries and fossil fuels for selected OECD countries (2000–2018)

Fossil fuels are the dominant form of storable energy, but their share in global energy supply is slowly diminishing due to climate mitigation policies. Alternative production from variable renewable sources for both stationary and mobile use requires some storage. Batteries current frontrunner this application, particularly with Li-ion batteries that reliable highly efficient. However, themselves have evolved meet requirements expectations. These changes battery chemistry shifted dependency on raw materials used produce them. Raw critical subject risk availability or trade policies prompting a need assessment. Such resource risks depend perspective importing country region. By analysing comparison fossil fuels, it possible understand shift underway. In study, we analyse selected compare period 2000 2018 European Union, USA, South Korea, Japan, Canada Australia using GeoPolRisk method. Our analysis demonstrates higher compared all territories. Rare earth elements, graphite magnesium, amongst highest concentrated one only few countries. Countries recognised material security made specific ensure secure supply. an emerging concern countries, especially case major manufacturing nations heavily import-dependent. producing countries like focused stockpiling minerals exploration while such as Japan Korea looking alternate The results our suggest necessary policy reforms taken benefited reduced fuel supply, similar discussed not yet fully implemented.